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save energy and cut carbon dioxide
traffic congestion and safety.
afford them. In most developing
involved adding ring roads, one-way
emissions, it would also enhance the
countries, old cars and old technologies
systems and parking lots. In the United
B While emissions from new cars are far
quality of community life, putting the
continue to predominate.
States, more land is assigned to car use
less harmful than they used to be, city
than to housing. Urban sprawl means
streets and motorways are becoming
that life without a car is next to
more crowded than ever, often with
Questions 14-19
impossible. Mass use of motor vehicles
older trucks, buses and taxis, which
has also killed or injured millions of
emit excessive levels of smoke and
people. Other social effects have been
fumes. This concentration of vehicles
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs (A-H). Which paragraphs concentrate on the
blamed on the car such as alienation
makes air quality in urban areas following information? Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 14-19 on your answer
sheet.
and aggressive human behaviour.
unpleasant and sometimes dangerous
to breathe. Even Moscow has joined
E A 1993 study by the European
the list of capitals afflicted by NB You need only write ONE letter for each answer.
Federation for Transport and
congestion and traffic fumes. In
Environment found that car transport
14 a comparison of past and present transportation methods
Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a
is seven times as costly as rail travel in
major health hazard.
terms of the external social costs it
15 how driving habits contribute to road problems
entails such as congestion, accidents,
C Until a hundred years ago, most
pollution, loss of cropland and natural
journeys were in the 20 km range, the
16 the relative merits of cars and public transport
habitats, depletion of oil resources, and
distance conveniently accessible by
so on. Yet cars easily surpass trains or
horse. Heavy freight could only be
17 the writer's own prediction of future solutions
buses as a flexible and convenient mode
carried by water or rail. The invention
of personal transport. It is unrealistic
of the motor vehicle brought personal
18 the increasing use of motor vehicles
to expect people to give up private cars
mobility to the masses and made rapid
in favour of mass transit.
freight delivery possible over a much
19 the impact of the car on city development
Questions 20-26
READING PASSAGE 3
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3
In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet write
on the following pages.
YES if the statement agrees with the information Questions 27-33
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs (A-H).
Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-H from the list of headings below.
20 Vehicle pollution is worse in European cities than anywhere else.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
21 Transport by horse would be a useful alternative to motor vehicles.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them.
22 Nowadays freight is not carried by water in the United Kingdom.
List of Headings
23 Most European cities were not designed for motor vehicles. i Common objections
ii Who's planning what
24 Technology alone cannot solve the problem of vehicle pollution.
iii This type sells best in the shops
iv The figures say it all
25 People's choice of car and attitude to driving is a factor in the pollution problem.
v Early trials
26 Redesigning cities would be a short-term solution.
vi- They can't get in without these
vii How does it work?
viii Fighting fraud
ix Systems to avoid
x Accepting the inevitable
27 Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G
33 Paragraph H
plants, the handkey received its big break when it was used to control
' access to the Olympic Village in Atlanta by more than 65,000 athletes,
trainers and support staff. Now there are scores of other applications.
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